Utopia, The City and The Machine

'''Mumford, Lewis. "Utopia, The City and The Machine.'" In Utopias and Utopian Though''t. Frank E. Manuel, ed. Cambridge: Riverside & Houghton, 1966. (Augmented rpt. of article in Daedalus Spring 1965.)

Traces the rise of the "utopian" city to the institution of the army: "the collective human machine, the platonic model for all later machines." The price of the urban utopia was "total submission to a central authority, forced labor, lifetime specialization, inflexible regimentation, one-way communication, and readiness for war" (15, 17).